- #ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS FULL#
- #ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS PORTABLE#
- #ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS VERIFICATION#
An improved sensitivity, achieved by enlarging the crystal surface, would make the detector Conclusion Planar technology and pulse processing are used to transform the signals into usable spectra. The small thickness of the PIN CdTe crystal (∼2 mm, 100 mm 2 in area) limits its application to low energies. Peltier cooling to temperatures down to −35 ☌ can be applied to room temperature CZT or CdTe:Cl crystals, to reduce the leakage current and consequently to improve the energy resolution of the detector. The use of HpGe detectors is required for the intrinsic determination of Pu isotopic composition and U enrichment, relying on peak analysis of the 100 keV region of the gamma spectrum, utilizing MGA and MGAU software, respectively.
#ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS FULL#
The detectors require liquid nitrogen (LN 2) to cool down and systems, depending upon crystal specifications, achieve a high resolution, typically in the range of 550–700 eV Full Width Half Maximum (FHWM) at 122 keV.
#ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS VERIFICATION#
Table 1 lists some safeguards verification activities together with the detection systems (detector, multi channel analyser, software) providing the best solution to achieve the measurement objective. Moreover, the IAEA is seeking to use all available modern technology to enhance its detection capabilities. High-Resolutions Gamma Spectrometry (HRGS) as well as Room Temperature Gamma Spectrometry (RTGS) are important safeguards verification tools alongside neutron detection systems, which will not be mentioned further.
#ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF CZT DETECTORS PORTABLE#
The nature of particular inspection activities requires customization of the equipment and methods implemented: friendly and simple to use short measurement times and, easily portable or transportable. To fulfil its mandate, the IAEA performs independent verification measurements of nuclear material using a variety of Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) instrumentation in attended or unattended mode. The Safeguards mission of the IAEA is to provide assurance that no declared nuclear material (U, Pu, Th) is diverted to non-peaceful purposes and that no undeclared nuclear material or activities exist in States. A final conclusion, proposing recommendations for future action, is made. The Agency is also continuously involved in the review and evaluation of new and emerging technologies in the field of radiation detection such as: Peltier-cooled CdTe detectors semiconductor detectors operating at room temperature such as HgI 2 and GaAs and, scintillator detectors using glass fibres or LaBr 3. NaI(Tl) detectors have many applications-specifically in hand-held radioisotope identification devices (RID) which are used to detect the presence of radioactive material where a lower resolution is sufficient, as they benefit from a generally higher sensitivity. Further development, such as limiting the charge trapping effects in CZT to provide improved sensitivity and energy resolution are discussed. The spectrometric performance of CZT detectors, their robustness and simplicity are key to the successful verification of irradiated materials. Alternative cooling systems have been evaluated and electrically cooled HpGe detectors show a potential added value, especially for unattended measurements. HRGS with high-purity Germanium (HpGe) detectors cooled by liquid nitrogen is widely used in nuclear safeguards to verify the isotopic composition of plutonium or uranium in non-irradiated material. These detectors are part of standardized spectrometry systems: germanium detectors for High-Resolution Gamma Spectrometry (HRGS) Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors for Room Temperature Gamma Spectrometry (RTGS) and NaI(Tl) detectors for Low Resolution Gamma Spectrometry (LRGS). The IAEA uses extensively a variety of gamma radiation detectors to verify nuclear material.
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